E-Commerce Toy Industry Analysis Report - 3930 Words

E-commerce Toy Industry Analysis Report Index 1. IntroductionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…3 2. Rationale for adoption of e-commerceÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...Â…5 3. Barriers to e-commerce Business ChallengesÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…9 4. The Internet as Communication MediumÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..11 5. ConclusionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….15 References Word count from Report: 3385 (1) Introduction: The Toy industry is mainly responsible for the safety standards products and to advertising and marketing to the children. It produces and imports of toys, games and childrens leisure products. Most of the country have their own toy industry association or sometimes may work together. In the US, Toy Industry Association, Inc. (TIA) connect to their members who has contains toy testing†¦show more content†¦(IV) Widespread Access to IT Ââ€" There is many advantages and disadvantages of Information Technology in the toy industry. In the global world, Information Technology helps to easy to communicate, reduce the costs, available all the times etc (University of Delawar, 2007). There are so many reasons to adopt e-commerce in toy industry for accessing the web and selling and buying products on the net. In the world there are so many small toy companies are running, they also want to develop IT infrastructure and to sale their products online. Here are some of the factors like relating to owner or manager characteristics, to firm characteristics and to costs and return investment which are affecting to the small toy companies. Owner/manager characteristics: These are the personal characteristics. If the owner wants to earn more money on the business, they must be developing IT infrastructure. Its quite expensive at the beginning and then after it will increase the sales after sometimes. Firm Characteristics: focus on the organisation itself. The external force to adopt IT can strongly influence the small companies to adopt it and the level of information intensity may influence the companies to adopt e-commerce technology. Costs and Return Investments: its one of the mostShow MoreRelatedCases Chapter 1 - Introduction to Electronic Commerce1479 Words   |  6 PagesCASES CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCE CASE 1: AMAZON.COM Required: 1. In 2004, Toys R Us sued Amazon.com for violating terms of the agreement between the companies (specifically, Toys R Us objected to Amazon.com’s permitting Amazon Marketplace retailers to sell toys) (Note: when the lawsuit was filed, Amazon Marketplace was called â€Å"zShops†). Amazon.com responded by filing a countersuit. 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Established firms like, Facebook, Google, Netflix or Amazon are seen as a new generation of companies that were created to understand the disruptive principles in order to adapt to new emerging markets and structured to respond to change differently. The analysis of this report, with focus on the established firm Amazon and how it disrupts the market in order to reach future successRead MoreEssay about Amazon.Com and Mattel - a Strategic Perspective1382 Words   |  6 Pagescould be used as a distribution channel, thus reducing their supply chain relations. By making these strategic advances, Amazon was able to achieve and sustain their competitive advantage. After researching and reading the 2009 and 1997 Annual Reports, it was determined, that in order to achieve this recognition, they needed to acquire the United Kingdom and German online booksellers. By these acquisitions, they increased book sales in the European markets. 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THIS PROFILE IS A LICENSED PRODUCT AND IS NOT TO BE PHOTOCOPIED Brazil - Toys Games  © MARKETLINE THIS PROFILE IS A LICENSED PRODUCT AND IS NOT TO BE PHOTOCOPIED 0076 - 0778 - 2011 Page | 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Market value The Brazilian toys games market grew by 16.4% in 2011 to reach a value of $3,538.8 million. Read MoreAmazon: Online Shopping and Amazon.com1873 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿BINS 7250-01 Strategic Management of Information Systems and Technology Fall 2014 CASE ANALYSIS INSTRUCTIONS – AMAZON.COM: BRINK OF BANKRUPTCY (Points: 100) Due: Sunday, September 17, 2014 before 6:00 p.m. Write a 1-page, single-space, 10-point font case analysis on the Amazon Case making sure to address the following questions: 1. On a scale of â€Å"1† (Very Poor) to â€Å"5† (Excellent), how would you rate Jeff Bezos as an entrepreneur? How would you rate him as an IT manager? 2. Trace the evolution

Vampire House And Resource - 1728 Words

The word vampire is a term which hardly hold realistic connotations. It s a word associated primarily with two things, fear and romance. The idea of a real life equivalent to a vampire is a somewhat crazy notion to persons outside the pagan, occult, and otherwise magickal* subculture. In this subculture, however, vampirism is a real thing to be embraced or defended against. Individuals who absorb energy either through psychic means or even through the consumption of small amounts of blood generally fall under the blanket term â€Å"Real Life Vampire† or RLV for short. RLV, however, is a term that can be broken into many, many sub groups, so what exactly is a real life vampire? A â€Å"real vampire† is generally defined as a condition which may include but is not limited to a real need for blood or life energy, increased sensitivity, light sensitivity, and nocturnal tendencies (House Eclipse: Vampire House Resource.) When taken into religious contexts, real vampirism i s associated with a slew of mental abilities, but nothings specific. Real vampires as a whole don t claim to be non-human, or have enhanced physical strength or abilities such as shape shifting or immortality. (Sanguinarius: Terminology Lingo) Although there is much overlapping between the two, real vampires can be broken into two general categories: psi vampires and sanguine vampires. Both stem from a need for energy, however, sanguinarian vampires acquire the energy through consuming small amounts of blood,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Dracula and the Modern Vampire1622 Words   |  7 PagesDracula, the original vampire. Bram Stoker’s famous novel Dracula, which was written in 1897, started the vampire craze that still lasts today. It has sparked numerous novels, movies, and songs across the world through the year, and its popularity is still growing. As times have changed, so have Dracula and his predecessors. 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House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros Free Essays

Sandra Cisneros Mango Street is a alone narrative about a deprived immature Chicana miss, Esperanza, who grows up in a hapless vicinity where she feels she does non belong. She does non wish what she experiences, and invariably hunts for a new hereafter. As Esperanza grows and alterations throughout the book, she realizes that adult females in her civilization are treated below the belt, and makes a witting pick non to fall into the same trap as the adult females around her. We will write a custom essay sample on House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros or any similar topic only for you Order Now The adult females in Esperanza ‘s vicinity are held surety within their ain credence of an unfair cultural destiny. For illustration, Minerva who is merely small spot older than Esperanza is largely found praying for better fortune and a happier life. While praying for happier life she stills lets her hubby take advantage of her, and this sets an unhappy and atrocious life. Minerva knows that her hubby is non truly sorry but she still forgives him. For illustration, there is a twenty-four hours when Minerva had sufficiency of her hubby so out the door he goes but subsequently through the twenty-four hours he is regretful for his action and every bit much as Minerva is forgiving, she lets her hubby back in the house accepting his apology cognizing it will go on once more. She thought matrimony was traveling to be a manner out from unwanted life but alternatively it has the same features. Without contending for a satisfactory life she settles with the manus she is dealt. In this novel there is another character name Sally. She is an guiltless friend of Esperanza. Sally tries to get away her male parent ‘s barbarous whippings through matrimony, but her fortunes do non alter. Sally hubby still treats her as her male parent treated her in yesteryear. For illustration, he wo n’t allow her speak on the phone, he does non allow her look out the window and he does non like her friends. Sally friends can non see her unless her hubby is at work. First, Sally ‘s male parent controlled her and now it is her hubby. She thinks that she is get awaying when in world she is merely giving the tether to person else. Sally chose the easiest manner out of her life which she thought was matrimony, without thought of her hereafter. In this novel there are mistreatments which lead some of the characters into another life of the letdown and their unhappy effects, believing that there is no way-out. Esperanza will non accept and is determined to get the better of the unjust destiny instructed on the adult females in her household, such as her great grandma. Esperanza references in the novel that she does non like her name that was given after her grandma and she would baptise herself to acquire a different name that would stand for a existent her and no 1 else. Harmonizing to Hispanic household the names are passed down the coevals without pick. Esperanza negotiations about â€Å" I have inherited her name, but I do n’t desire to inherit her topographic point by the window † ( Cisneros Pg.11 ) . Esperanza does non desire to populate a life of unhappiness. Esperanza knows that she does non desire to stop up like her great grandma. Esperanza grandma had no pick but to get married without her being able to do determination for it. She was trapped by a adult male who â€Å" threw a poke over her caput and carried her off † ( Cisneros Pg. 11 ) . After this incident her great grandma looked out the window her whole life like so many adult females sit their unhappiness on their cubitus. Esperanza admirations if her grandma made the best of what she got or was she sorry because she could non be all the things she wanted to be. She searches for a way that would take her out of the rhythm that has captured her great grandma and so many adult females around her. In â€Å" Boys A ; Girls † chapter it talks about how in Esperanza ‘s vicinity male childs and misss can non socialise with each other because it is known that male childs and misss are from different universes. For illustration, Esperanza could speak to her brothers at place but outside place they can non be seen speaking to each other. In add-on, towards the terminal of the book, Esperanza feels a demand to come back and help those who are unable to go forth, because she is positive that her destiny will alter. â€Å" One twenty-four hours I will state adieu to Mango. I am excessively strong for her to maintain me here everlastingly. One twenty-four hours I will travel off. They will non cognize I have gone off to come back. For the 1s, I left behind. For the 1s who can non acquire out † ( Cisneros Pg. 110 ) . In decision, Esperanza experiences the suffering faces of the adult females around her, she is certain that traveling through this life experience and acquisition procedure will take her life to a positive result. She believes the lone manner out of her vicinity and unjust intervention in the Hispanic community would be by educating and composing. Esperanza does non merely take the right way of willingness to contend for a nicer life but she adapts to her milieus and builds her ain assurance so that she can assist the other adult females around her bash good. Esperanza is a really strong and determined adult female in herself and she is able to carry through her dream of a better hereafter. Esperanza ends are non to bury and accomplish the freedom together. Esperanza wants the adult females in her civilization to go stronger, independent and she is determined to make so. How to cite House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, Essay examples

Overview Of The Dengue Fever The Residents In Northern And Southern Au

Question: Discuss about the Overview Of The Dengue Fever The Residents In Northern And Southern Australia. Answer: Introduction The severe dengue fever is spreading in more than 50 countries all over the world. In certain part of Australia many residents are affected from dengue and it will create large burden on the health care department of the country. The major aim of this research is to offer the various suggestions to the department of Public Health to recover from this severe epidemic. This will help the government to identify various options available for prevention and effective control management techniques. It is considered as a most transmitted disease so, different aspect will be find out such as natural history, case management and diagnosis techniques and future research opportunities. Statement of issue This report provides detailed discussion on what is the role of Department of Health of Australia to prevent from severe Dengue fever. What are necessary steps taken by the government to implement the effective research methodology to find vaccination against severe dengue and Who should take responsibility to prevent whole country from this severe epidemic. All of the residents of Australia is waiting for when should this severe dengue fever will be eliminated from the state and when will specific treatment and immunization available to all. Background of the Dengue fever and public health Dengue is considered as one of the most transmitted disease which has spread due to the Aedes mosquitoes in whole world. In tropical and sub tropical regions of the world it was first recognized in 1879 in Queensland in Australia (Williams et al. 2014). Now it has affected millions of people every year worldwide and especially in northern region of Australia where tropical climates prevail. Due to this epidemic, severe illness is occurring among children and death rate is increasing in some Australian countries. In Northern territory of Australia more than 400 cases have been identified related to dengue fever from 2003 to till now. Approximately, 3 billion people are residing in tropical areas where dengue is highly transmitted. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is more severe illness which had same symptoms like as dengue and generally found in children below the age of 14 years. From 1995 to 2011, about 90% of the cases were related to dengue in the areas of Queensland and specially in the Cairns and Hinterland district. From the total cases of 90% of dengue about 50% of the people were male of the average age 40 years old. 200000 cases were identified by the World Health Organization in the year 2011 which were related to the severe dengue fever. Rate of severe dengue fever is 10 times more than that other countries affected from dengue. Many health department experts estimated that dengue will rise in future in Australia as well in other geographical areas in the world. Many of the drugs were not used by the patients because it could have negative impact on the body such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and Asirin etc. Mainly dengue was observed in the travelers of the age groups 30-50 years old in the Australia. Dengue deaths are varying from year to year but mostly transmitted in the season of autumn and summer. Department of Health is continuously conducting surveys for finding about the mosquito infected population present in Northern territory (Yixin et al. 2014). There is no certain vaccine or treatment found by the Health department. General treatment for this is paracetamol medicine, oral fluids for getting relief from fever and body pain. Due to the lack of proper treatment against dengue fever it is reduced to only 1 % till now. From the research it was found that dengue fever is transmitted by only female mosquito and they generally found in cool places where water is stored and outdoor places where garbage is kept mostly in daylight hours (Lindsay et al. 2015). It can develop in the old tyres, carriage of pot plant saucers and rain field vessels and can be transmitted to one place to another place. For the purpose of inventing specific vaccination against dengue, World Health Organization provides guidance and technical advice and support to countries, private institutions for rese arch and evaluation. If proper prevention and treatment will not be available then dengue will rapidly spread in the future in whole world. Pre-existing policies/activity Queensland is the only area in the Australia where the dengue has prevailed. The transmission of dengue reduced to a very large extent in the season of summer or dry season. The report of World Health Organisation reveals that the burden of this disease could be increase due to the continuous change in the climatic effect of the whole environment (Hoad et al, 2015). In the areas where the probability of occurrence of dengue is high, a regular and frequent survey is required to conduct in those areas. Areas of vector where the density of population is high, the population should tries to enforce the regular conduction of surveys and reducing the sources of dengue. Drawing out programmes and photographs that shows potential day-biting can be done with the help of using social medias and promotional campaigns (Naish et al., 2014). In the annual report of NAMAC, all the information relating to the diseases borne by mosquitoes, and the activities that are taken in order to control this di sease is presented. The government has established several policies in order to prevent and control the negative effects of dengue in the country. The government has officially established taskforce and committee between different departments for the purpose of supervising the area, preventing and controlling the diseases that are spread by mosquitoes. This taskforce includes authorities relating to public health, representatives of laboratory and Medical Entomology. Activities done by human and vector supervision are coordinated using the methods of surveillance of cross-border. The capacities of laboratory and exchange of resources are also coordinated. Several types of portals are used for the purpose of communication in order to provide response to various events (Rounsevell et al., 2014). Several management plans including the assignment of roles and responsibilities, allocating funds in order to investigate and respond are designed. In order to develop coordination between different ecological res earch priorities, humans and vector, several methods are applied. In the areas where dengue is highly receptive, urgent and punctual occurrences and controlling activities for mosquito disease should be done. Along with this, contact addresses should be identified by analysing travelling history. The basic purpose of this is to exterminate the disease causing virus through the measure of killing the infection causing adult females within the demographic radii of 200 metres (Musso et al., 2014). This is the extent of distance up to a female mosquito can fly. Urbanisation, blood feeding and harbouring within the premises are some of the attributes that are found in vectors of primary dengue. Therefore, synthetic pyrethroid insecticides like bifenthrin and deltamethrin should be used for the purpose of spraying at indoor residential areas can be used as a measure of control for dengue. Sometimes, the ultra low volume or thermal foggers cannot be seen effective in case of truck mounted outdoor areas. Regulators for insect growth can be used for the tre atment of containers that are filled with containers. In large outbreaks, removing or tipping out the containers cannot be seen effective because these factors are not affecting in addressing the breeding sites which are mysterious or rainwater tanks. The Dengue Management Plan also focuses on the outlining of the strategies of vector control for the origination source in opposition to outbreaks of large widespread. Rapidness in spreading the dengue makes it more critical to cure. Lacking in presenting the case or diagnosing and delaying in notifications will lead in explosive out breaking. Transmitting the risk of dengue of central and southern Queensland seems difficult due to the reason of vector population has lacked in many areas. Considerations There are various possible courses of action that could be taken by Department of Health to reduce the impact of severe dengue on the residents of Australia. Major principle behind the prevention and control measures is to develop proper case management strategy with present health system, harmonize prevention, examination or epidemiological such that they are ecologically sound, cost-effective and sustainable for future (Diamond and Pierson 2015). For successful implementation of the prevention measures allocation and mobilization of resources is also essential. Diagnosis of Dengue and Case management: Appropriate implementation of clinical management helps in reducing death rate caused due to severe dengue fever up to zero level. Effective implementation includes new methods of staff training, early clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and hospital restructuring and intravenous rehydration. The main advantage of this technique is helpful in reducing the death rate due to dengue up to 60%. Government should help in adopting new technology which can provide effective and fast diagnosis of cases offered by accurate differential techniques, timely response to severe disease and quick laboratory assessment. It requires fund and assistance by government to the Health department (Gubler et al. 2014). Main disadvantage is it requires huge cost to implement new methodologies in whole country. Main advantages of this are Effective clinical management system and well organized response of staff helps in reducing the number of avoidable hospital admissions and also saves the life of patients from severe dengue (Nguyen et al. 2015). Early warning of dengue infected patient is necessary to control and helps in taking prevention measures of dengue at primary stage. Effective management training is very important in cases of severe dengue for all medical and non-medical staff which helps to recover the patient from initial stage of disease (Sung et al. 2016). Sustainable Vector Control of Severe Dengue: Department of Public Heath should adopt the integrated vector management approach which is promoted by World Health Organization to vector control of dengue. Sustainable vector control means the optimum use of resources and insecticides provided by the department for vector control which is helpful in cost effectiveness and adaptable according to environment. The primary vector of dengue is Aedes aegypti mosquito. It has developed to feed, mate, and lay eggs in surroundings (Huang et al. 2016). Generally, the Aedes aegypti mosquito remains active at the time of early morning period and in the evening period. So this approached is started mainly for the abolition of containers that are favorable places for ovipositor and put covers on containers or with the help of insecticides killing all the mosquitoes. Government should help in spraying of insecticides against malaria viruses and to develop innovative vector tools such as spatial repellents, spatial repellents, genetically modified mosquitoes and lethal ovitraps (Leary, 2013). Reliable surveillance methods of vector control and techniques of virus transmission help in dengue prevention for long term (Naish et al. 2014). The main advantage of effective vector control management is helpful in reduction of mortality rate due to dengue. The main purpose of vector control measures is to overcome the transmission of dengue and reducing the occurrence of infection and avoiding outbreaks of the disease. Implementation of Future Vaccine: There is no certain treatment available to recover from severe dengue fever. So, Department of Public Health should provide assistance and guidelines to manufactures and regulatory agencies on development and evaluation of vaccine for severe dengue (Cao-Lormeau et al. 2016). Guidelines should be related to the safety, quality and usefulness of dengue vaccines and issues related to manufacturing and quality control also covered. For proper implementation of vaccine, integration of various factors should be considered such as storage, financing, supplying and effective transportation for easy delivery. Vaccines should not have any side effects and should be integrated with other measures of prevention and control of dengue. Effective development strategies for vaccination should include the selection of target populations and target area which is highly infected from dengue fever (Low et al. 2014). Efficient delivery approaches, campaigns by government, routine checkup and proper sched ule for vaccination and overall implementation of future vaccine should cover the whole population. The main advantage of implementation of future vaccine is to reduce the overall mortality rate and help to reduce the severe impact of dengue (Stoler et al. 2014). It will helpful in bringing a confidence level among residence of Australia that government is implementing vaccination programs. Recommendations There are several measures which help in preventing and curing dengue. All the persons who used to travel from one place to another are required to use personal protective measures in order to reduce the risk of getting day biting mosquitoes (Webba and Hessac, 2016). It is recommended to stay in a well conditioned area or proper clothes should wear that result in reducing the extent of exposure of skin. Along with it, it is also recommended to use insect repellents on the skin that has remains uncovered. Insect repellents that comprise of diethyl-methyltoluamide can be considered as the most effective source. The extent of concentration level of DEET differs from product to product. Higher the composition of DEET signifies the higher degree of protection for a longer period of time from dengue. In some of the cases, using the sprays that are highly concentrated with DEET may negatively affect the children. So it is very much essential to apply DEET sparingly to the surface of exposur e and it should be washed off after the persons indoors. Using the insecticide which has concentrated level of DEET up to 35% can prevent the mosquitoes for 4-6 hours (Leung et al., 2015). On the other hand, the insecticides having the concentration level of DEET up to 95% can protect from dengue for around 10to 12 hours. New formulas are also searching and designed which contains lower level of concentration of DEET and has a potential of preventing dengue for long time. Still, there is no proper vaccination system has evolved for preventing dengue. Serology is the common method which is used to identify the infection of dengue virus in the body. This serology is also based on the laboratory confirmation. Diagnosing using the method of serology generally does not allow the serotyping of virus infection and is suspicious in terms of cross reactivity with different viruses. Various types of samples are required in order to do the procedure of serology. No specified viral treatment has been developed for curing the dengue. It can be cured using the method of clinical management that is also based on various supportive therapies and basically well-judged supervision of intravascular volume replacement. With the improvements in managing the case, the fatality rate of hospitalising illness of dengue has been reduced to a good extent (Walter et al., 2014). There is only single approach present for controlling and preventing the transmission of virus of dengue was going through the intervening for targeting the vector until the proper vaccine of dengue gets developed. For this purpose, integrated vector management is recommended by World Health Organisation. Many researchers have shown that reduction in entomological indicators follows different forms of vector control (Gyawali et al., 2016). A scantiness of data has shown effect of this interference of incidences of dengue illness. There are several strategies that aim at preventing mosquitoes from lying eggs, using interferences of environment management which constitutes the disposal of solid waste, removing artificially man-made mosquitos habitats, removing the impurities of containers used for storing the water on regular basis. Proper pesticides should be applied to water storage containers. Participation of community should be improved and sustained vector controlling should be m obilized. Insecticides should be applied using the method of sprays can be treated as an emergency measure of vector control. Many of the dengue vaccines are ready to possess in laboratories. CYD-TDV is a name of prophylactic, tetravalent and viral vaccine (Heywood et al., 2016). It is available in both type of single and multiple of dose. It is provided in the form of pre-filled syringe for the use of single dose or in the form of multi dose presentation. It does not contain any type of preservatives or adjuvant. Conclusion: On the basis of overall research, it can be analyzed that dengue is one of the major global health issues which affected approximately more than 3 billion people all over the word. This severe dengue fever is caused due the virus and mosquitos bite which develops in the wastage and open water containers (Schwartz et al. 2015). There is no certain treatment available to recover from severe dengue fever so government is taking various steps to overcome the impact of dengue. Different measures can be taken by Government of Australia such as effective case management techniques, vector control measures and research for future vaccination. References: Cao-Lormeau, V.M., Blake, A., Mons, S., Lastre, S., Roche, C., Vanhomwegen, J., Dub, T., Baudouin, L., Teissier, A., Larre, P. and Vial, A.L., 2016, Guillain-Barr Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study,The Lancet,387(10027), pp. 1531-1539, doi: 0140673616005626 Diamond, M.S. and Pierson, T.C., 2015, Molecular insight into dengue virus pathogenesis and its implications for disease control, Cell,162(3), pp. 488-492, doi: 0092867415008429 Gubler, D.J., Ooi, E.E., Vasudevan, S. and Farrar, J. eds., 2014, Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, CABI, UK. Gyawali, N., Bradbury, R.S. and Taylor-Robinson, A.W., 2016, The epidemiology of dengue infection: Harnessing past experience and current knowledge to support implementation of future control strategies.Journal of vector borne diseases,53(4), p.293, www.nimr.org.in/assets/534293.pdf Heywood, A.E., Zwar, N., Forssman, B.L., Seale, H., Stephens, N., Musto, J., Lane, C., Polkinghorne, B., Sheikh, M., Smith, M. and Worth, H., 2016, The contribution of travellers visiting friends and relatives to notified infectious diseases in Australia: state-based enhanced surveillance.Epidemiology Infection,144(16), pp.3554-3563, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5111124/ Hoad, V.C., Speers, D.J., Keller, A.J., Dowse, G.K., Seed, C.R., Lindsay, M.D., Faddy, H.M. and Pink, J., 2015, First reported case of transfusion-transmitted Ross River virus infection.Med J Aust,202(5), pp.267-70, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25758699 Huang, X., Yakob, L., Devine, G., Frentiu, F.D., Fu, S.Y. and Hu, W., 2016, Dynamic spatiotemporal trends of imported dengue fever in Australia,Scientific reports,6, p.30360, retrieved 3 September 2017, https://www.nature.com/articles/srep30360?WT.feed_name=subjects_diseases Leary, N 2013, Climate Change and Vulnerability and Adaptation: Two Volume Set, Routledge, UK. Leung, G.H., Baird, R.W., Druce, J. and Anstey, N.M., 2015, Zika virus infection in Australia following a monkey bite in Indonesia,Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health,46(3), p. 460, retrieved 4 September 2017, https://search.proquest.com/openview/e228cde8665e7c4a0fef9753a9131cd4/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=34824 Leung, G.H., Baird, R.W., Druce, J. and Anstey, N.M., 2015, Zika virus infection in Australia following a monkey bite in Indonesia.Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health,46(3), p.460, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26521519 Lindsay, M.D., Jardine, A., Giele, C., Armstrong, P., McCarthy, S., Whittle, A., Pal, N., Lyttle, H., Harrington, S., Nicholson, J. and Smith, D., 2015, Investigation of the first case of dengue virus infection acquired in Western Australia in seven decades: evidence of importation of infected mosquitoes?,PLoS neglected tropical diseases,9(9), p.e0004114, doi: 10.1371/0004114 Low, J.G., Sung, C., Wijaya, L., Wei, Y., Rathore, A.P., Watanabe, S., Tan, B.H., Toh, L., Chua, L.T., Hou, Y.A. and Chow, A., 2014, Efficacy and safety of celgosivir in patients with dengue fever (CELADEN): a phase 1b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial,The Lancet infectious diseases,14(8), pp. 706-715, doi: 1473309914707303 Musso, D., Nhan, T., Robin, E., Roche, C., Bierlaire, D., Zisou, K., Shan Yan, A., Cao-Lormeau, V.M. and Broult, J., 2014, Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014.Euro Surveill,19(14), p.20761, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24739982 Naish, S., Dale, P., Mackenzie, J.S., McBride, J. and Mengersen, K., 2014, Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Locally-Acquired Dengue Transmission in Northern, journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0092524 Naish, S., Dale, P., Mackenzie, J.S., McBride, J., Mengersen, K. and Tong, S., 2014, Spatial and temporal patterns of locally-acquired dengue transmission in northern Queensland, Australia, 19932012.PloS one,9(4), p. e92524, doi: 10.1371/0092524 Nguyen, T.H., Le Nguyen, H., Nguyen, T.Y., Vu, S.N., Tran, N.D., Le, T.N., Vien, Q.M., Bui, T.C., Le, H.T., Kutcher, S. and Hurst, T.P., 2015, Field evaluation of the establishment potential of w MelPop Wolbachia in Australia and Vietnam for dengue control,Parasites vectors,8(1), p.563, doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-1174-x Rounsevell, M.D.A., Arneth, A., Alexander, P., Brown, D.G., de Noblet-Ducoudr, N., Ellis, E., Finnigan, J., Galvin, K., Grigg, N., Harman, I. and Lennox, J., 2014, Towards decision-based global land use models for improved understanding of the Earth system.Earth System Dynamics,5(1), p.117, https://www.earth-syst-dynam.net/5/117/2014/ Schwartz, L.M., Halloran, M.E., Durbin, A.P. and Longini, I.M., 2015, The dengue vaccine pipeline: Implications for the future of dengue control,Vaccine,33(29), pp. 3293-3298, doi: 0264410X15006313 Simon, 2014, Phoenix Rising. [Online] Available at: https://forums.phoenixrising.me/index.php?threads/cfs-me-starts-most-often-age-10-19-30-39-norwegian-population-study.32890/page-2 (Accessed at: 13 September, 2017) Stoler, J., al Dashti, R., Anto, F., Fobil, J.N. and Awandare, G.A., 2014, Deconstructing malaria: West Africa as the next front for dengue fever surveillance and control,Acta tropica,134, pp. 58-65, doi: 0001706X14000631 Sung, C., Wei, Y., Watanabe, S., Lee, H.S., Khoo, Y.M., Fan, L., Rathore, A.P., Chan, K.W.K., Choy, M.M., Kamaraj, U.S. and Sessions, O.M., 2016, Extended evaluation of virological, immunological and pharmacokinetic endpoints of CELADEN: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of celgosivir in dengue fever patients,PLoS neglected tropical diseases,10(8), p.e 0004851, doi: 10.1371/0004851 Walter, T., Stevens, P., Verhoeven, A. and Boxall, A.M., 2014, title Impacts of climate change on public health in Australia: Recommendations for new policies and practices for adaptation within the public health sector, https://ahha.asn.au/.../publications/deeble_issues_brief_no_7_walter_t_et_al_impacts_... Webba, C.E. and Hessc, I.M., 2016. A review of recommendations on the safe and effective use of topical mosquito repellents.Public health research practice,26(5), https://cameronwebb.wordpress.com/publications/ Williams, C.R., Mincham, G., Ritchie, S.A., Viennet, E. and Harley, D., 2014, Bionomic response of Aedes aegypti to two future climate change scenarios in far north Queensland, Australia: implications for dengue outbreak,Parasites vectors,7(1), p. 447, doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-447 Yixin, H.Y., Ng, T.S., Frentiu, F.D., Walker, T., van den Hurk, A.F., O'Neill, S.L., Beebe, N.W. and McGraw, E.A., 2014, Comparative susceptibility of mosquito populations in North Queensland, Australia to oral infection with dengue virus,The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,90(3), pp. 422-430, doi: 10.4269/13-0186.

Ncert Class 12 Sociology Essay Example

Ncert Class 12 Sociology Essay Textbook of Sociology for Class XII SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA Textbook of Sociology for Class XII M. N. KARNA CONTENTS 1. Structural Processes of Change 2. Cultural Processes of Change 3. State and Social Change 4. Legislation and Democratic Decentralisation 5. Economic Development and Social Change 6. New Groups, Classes and Globalisation 7. Education and Social Change 8. Mass Media and Cultural Change 9. Dissent and Social Change 10. Social Deviance 1 14 25 36 47 57 69 77 86 99 STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 1 CHAPTER 1 Structural Process of Change Change is a fact of human life. We may not be aware of it in our day-to-day experience but it continues to affect us in one way or the other. A hundred and thousand years might be a moment in the life of rocks and mountains but in human society changes take place in the course of merely a generation or two. Think of a situation in which your grandmother was living in a village where a large number of family members were staying together in one household. She had to maintain purdah and was not allowed to come out of the four walls of the house till she had become old. Now compare it with the condition of your mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ncert Class 12 Sociology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Do you not find a change in the structure of your own family, now when only a few members are staying together ? Your uncle is living in another household with his wife and children. Likewise, your grandfather was an agriculturist but your father might have shifted to the urban area to take up a job in a government office. You will notice several corresponding changes even in the life-style of your own family. These alterations have occurred merely in a generation or two. A close look will reveal changes both in the structure and function of family and in patterns of occupations. It is this dimension of change that we intend to study in the present course. Our focus will be on the nature and extent of social change in contemporary Indian society. The study of social change in India is important for several reasons. It tells us how contemporary Indian society is transforming from a traditional society to a modern developed society. It shows how changes are occurring in our social institutions and what are the factors bringing about such changes. It also indicates our achievements as a nation and identifies problems and setbacks in certain areas of our life. Social change is a process, in the sense that it involves a series of events over a period of time. The idea of continuity is implied in it and shows a sequence of operations that bring about change. Thus, the notion of process indicates two major dimensions of social change—its nature and direction. While the nature of change reveals content of change, the direction speaks about the line in which it is moving. We intend to 2 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA discuss here both the substance and the factors of change. Sociologists in India have analysed the process of social change under two broad categories—structural processes and cultural processes. Structural processes of change are due to a transformation in the network of social relationships. Caste, kinship, family and occupational groups constitute some of the structural realities. Change in these relationships is a structural change. When the traditional agrarian system based on family labour is transformed into agrarian system based on hired labour with a view to produce for the market, we may call it a structural change. The transfor mation of joint family to nuclear family brings about change in structure and function of family. It is through the process of differentiation of roles that structural change takes place. To put it differently, role of a social institution changes due to specific sequence of events making it more effective in the changed situation. In fact, structural differentiation of roles leads to functional specialisation. Reverting to our earlier example, in addition to procreation and rearing of children, joint family performed numerous roles in traditional society in the fields of education, occupation and social security . But after its transformation into nuclear family most of these functions have been taken over by specialised agencies such as schools, economic organisations, government departments and other institutions. Structural change as a result of role differentiation is noticed in almost all domains of social life. You are already familiar with the factors of social change. Therefore, we shall focus on structural processes of social change namely, industrialisation, Westernisation and modernisation. INDUSTRIALISATION Science is an important element of human heritage that produces a systematic knowledge of nature. Technology, on the other hand, is that element which contains the application of this knowledge. In this sense, technology has a utilitarian goal. It has developed mainly due to a desire to apply it for the advantage of common people. This goal has been realised in almost every sphere—industry, agriculture, transport, communication and such other areas. The rapid changes that we experience in our dayto-day life are related to the development of new techniques, new inventions and new modes of production. The application of modern technology in industry has influenced not only our economic life but also our social and cultural system. Industrialisation is a process of technological advancement from domestic production with simple tools to large-scale factory based production. However, sociologically, the term implies a process of economic and social changes arising out of the change in the structure of industry. Industrialisation involves a broad range of social factors that deeply affect the character of social STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 3 life. For instance, factories give rise to elaborate division of labour, new work culture, etc. Industrialisation in India A wide network of domestic and cottage industries was existing in India even prior to British colonial rule. But modern large-scale industry came only during the later part of the nineteenth century after the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Between the 1850’s when the first major industries started, and 1914 India had established the world’s largest jute manufacturing industry, the fifth largest cotton textile industry and the third largest railway network. In this manner, India had almost a century of industrial development on the eve of the independence. After independence, the pace of industrialisation was significantly accelerated during the periods of FiveYear Plans. It saw the expansion and diversification of the industrial structure with the establishment of several new units. In 1951, there were only two major units producing iron and steel. The number of such major steel plants increased to six by 1980s with the installed capacity of 80 lakh tonnes. The country has made considerable progress in the field of new industries, agricultural tractors, electronics, fertiliser etc. , which were practically nonexistent in 1951. The textile industry is no longer confined to cotton and jute textiles but to a large number of units producing different types of synthetic fibres. An important feature of industrial growth after independence has been the rapid expansion of the public sector enterprises. These produce diverse products such as steel, coal, heavy and light engineering goods, locomotives, aircraft, petroleum products and fertilizers. A brief sketch of industrial growth in India may give us an idea of the extent of industrialisation that has taken place in the country since attaining independence. Social Consequences of Industrialisation We may now turn our attention to the economic and social consequences of industrialisation. Our economic life has witnessed tremendous structural change in the wake of industrialisation. Production has been brought substantially to the factory. Elaborate division of labour, pecialisation of tasks and the growth of a class of industrial workers have resulted from changes in the industrial system. Similarly, the nature of agricultural production has also changed because of change in agricultural practices. With the alteration in agricultural practices, alterations have also occurred in agrarian relations and the life-styles of farm househo lds. Moreover, industrialisation has changed the family mode of production and women are increasingly found in farms, firms and factories to perform different tasks. The new economic role has placed women in the new 4 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA nvironment where they experience a changed social status. This new role of women in turn has brought greater participation of women in decision making in the family. These changes have occurred due to occupational diversification that has been brought about by industrialisation. For example, it cannot be expected that all working members of a family will get jobs in similar occupations and professions and will be posted at the same place. One member, for example, may be engaged in the cultivation of family land in Uttar Pradesh and the other may take up an employment as an engineer in Chennai. Under these circumstances, the break-up of a joint family into small nuclear families is natural. Such structural changes are also accompanied by functional distinctive-ness. For example, the traditional joint family as mentioned earlier, was a multifunctional institution. It had innumerable economic, educational, recreational, socialisational and biological functions. Now, except for the biological and socialisational functions of the family, most of the other functions have been taken over by formal economic organisations, associations and the state. Development of transport and communication have resulted in far reaching consequences. Railways, automobiles and marine transportations have not only increased spatial mobility but have also quickened the rate of internal and external migration. A large number of people are migrating from rural to urban areas to take up new occupations. Similarly, both skilled and unskilled women and men are travelling out of the country in search of better careers. Changes are also witnessed in the system of social stratification. Significant changes are observed in the case of caste system, which is an important structural reality of Indian social system. The separation between caste and occupation is a significant change that has taken place. The occupational diversification has made several occupations ‘caste free’. It is, however, more in towns than in villages and even greater in the large industrialised cities. A considerable number of people located earlier at the lower levels of caste hierarchy and engaged in caste-based occupations are now entering into new occupations. Likewise, castes considered higher in the hierarchy are coming forward for occupations not preferred earlier. The members of lower castes dispensed with traditional occupations primarily because they were considered ‘impure’ and were endowed with low status besides being less profitable. On the other hand, members of upper castes such as Brahmin, Rajput and Kayasth in North India were compelled to take up work like manual labourers, peons in offices and such other low status jobs. In addition to modifications in occupational structure and mobility, changes are seen in the inter-caste power structure. We have so far analysed the socio-economic consequences of STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 5 industrialisation but we should not overlook one basic fact in this regard. The way in which a society responds to the industrial changes depends on its own creative genius and social environment. We, therefore, find a substantial difference between one society and another in the degree to which changes take place as a result of industrialisation. impersonal. The relationship is based on a complex division of labour and is contractual in nature. Urbanisation in India India is a land of villages and will remain so for decades to come. However, it does not mean that cities have been absent from this vast sub-continent. Existence of cities in India can be traced back to as early as third millennium B . C . Archeological excavations reveal older traces of urbanisation. Historians tell us that a truly urban civilisation emerged in the Indus Valley with Mohenjodaro and Harappa as important urban centres. In addition to these two cities, several other urban settlements such as Kalibangan in northern Rajasthan, Lothal in Gujarat and Banwali in Haryana also emerged as the major centres. In the subsequent period, urbanisation was not confined to a particular area. This phase of urbanisation finds mention in the postVedic literature in the north and Sangam literature in the south. The Buddhist texts also mention the existence of the urban centres. Furthermore, urbanisation during the medieval times was spread out from Srinagar in the north to Madurai in the south. This period was marked more by the revival of old cities than the establishment of new cities and towns. These preindustrial cities, however, existed primarily as centres of pilgrimage, as royal capitals and as trading centres. Cities with modern industrial character grew in India only after the URBANISATION Urbanisation is a process by which people instead of living in villages start living in towns and cities. It involves a mode by which agriculture-based habitat is transformed into nonagricultural urban habitat. The growth of urban centres is the result of accelerated industrial and service functions. An increase in the size of towns and cities leading to growth of urban population is the most significant dimension of urbanisation. These centres are essentially non-agricultural in character. Urbanisation as a structural process of change is related to industrialisation but it is not always the result of industrialisation. In certain cases, urbanisation has taken place even without industrialisation. Industrialisation is always connected with economic growth but we cannot say the same about urbanisation. Urban environment produces a particular kind of social life which Lois Wirth, a core member of the Chicago School, calls urbanism. Social life in cities is more formal and 6 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA contact with the West. The process of urbanisation was accelerated during the British colonial regime. The British Indian administration promoted urbanisation on a large scale. The major port towns of Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai owe their beginning, growth and importance to the colonial efforts. Similarly, regional summer capitals were established in remote mountainous areas like Srinagar, Shillong and Shimla. The princely states did not develop as fast but even they had capital towns. Some of the princely states like Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur and Mysore had population exceeding one lakh. The urban scenario changed remarkably after independence. The proportion of urban population to the total population increased from 17. 6 per cent in 1951 to 25. 7 per cent in 1991. The number of cities with population of one million or more increased from 5 to 23 during the same period. According to the census of 2001 urban population stands at 27. 78 per cent and number of cities having population more than one million has increased to 35. The noteworthy growth of urban population after independence has been largely due to the rapid increase in population, ruralurban migration, city-centred industrialisation and the over all neglect of villages. The emerging trends of urbanisation in India reveal that urban migration is fairly significant. A large number of people from rural areas are shifting not only to big cities but even to medium-sized cities and small towns. Distance is not a barrier. One readily finds villagers moving from farflung areas of north Indian state to the cities in south India. Migrants are mainly employed in manufacturing and service occupations. Besides, the seasonal migration of unskilled labourers, too, has become common. We find labourers from Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa working in agricultural farms of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. Labourers begin with seasonal migration and later on start settling permanently in areas of their choice. Social Effects of Urbanisation Let us now turn to the social effects of accelerated urbanisation. Urbanisation has altered the structure of joint family as a result of occupational diversification. Consequently, the functions of family and kinship have declined considerably. The traditional family norms are relaxed and interpersonal relationships have become more formal. An urban child now grows within much smaller world. No kinsmen are available in nuclear family to take care of her/ him. The child has to select playmates outside the family. In this manner, the child develops a new type of personality characterised by ideas of freedom and innovation. Such a situation is remarkably different from the environment of dependence found in a joint family. The nature of love and affection in interpersonal relationship has also changed. While children and STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 7 their mothers receive considerable attention, sentiments and attachment towards other relatives have weakened. Likewise, the division of domestic duties between wife and husband is changing in the urban settings. They both share domestic duties, as there is no other adult member available to share the burden. Thus, social life in urban areas faces isolation due to diminishing kinship obligations. Several ties that formerly bound members of the family to group and community life are now broken. Consequently, the quality of human relationships tends to become more formal and impersonal. Another visible change is in the domain of caste identity. Urban dwellers participate in networks that include persons of several castes. Individual achievement and modern status symbols have become more important than caste identity. Caste norms are not strictly maintained which is manifest in commensal relations, marital alliances and in occupational relations. It is, thus, possible to suggest that urban way of life has made people think more as individuals than as members of a particular caste. The importance of ascription as the basis of social status is declining and the significance of achievement is taking its place. The level of education, nature of occupation and the level of income are now major indicators of one’s achievement in an urban setup. Therefore, people recognise education, occupation and income as prerequisites for higher ocial status. It does not mean that the achieved status has completely replaced ascribed status and class has fully overshadowed caste. It is, however, necessary to clarify that changes brought about by urbanisation have not altogether replaced the traditional patterns of family, kinship and caste. They go through adaptations and their functions are not completely erod ed. Urban Problems We have already seen how urbanisation is proceeding at a considerable pace in India. It has affected different domains of people’s life. The expansion of urban centres has also given rise to a variety of problems. The physical space is dingy, quality of life is poor and urban governance is unimaginative. Overcrowding and pollution, sub-standard housing and slums, crime and delinquency, alcoholism and drug abuse are a few of them. We shall discuss some of them which have far reaching consequences for the country. Urban overcrowding is the result of the massive size of India’s urban population. Its impact is visible in declining services in the areas of housing, water supply, sanitation, transport, power supply and employment opportunity. Increasing number of homeless people, high rate of rent and a scramble for the few available houses are commonly found in most of the cities and towns. The density of urban population in India works out to be around 3, 500 persons 8 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA per square kilometre in 1991. This is more than the accepted norm of 400 per square kilometre. Thus, urban areas have more people than they can support with the available infrastructure. Related to the problem of housing and overcrowding is the problem of slums. The slum is an area of dingy neglected houses where people live in poverty without minimum civic amenities. The estimates of India’s urban population living in slums vary widely. However, according to an estimate, not less than 45 million people were living in slums in 1995 and as the urban population is increasing fast, their number must have had increased by now. It is said that the Indian population living in slums is more than the total population of about 107 countries of the world. Generally, the larger a city, the more the people live in slums. Naturally, metros like Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata have more slums than the small and medium size towns. In 1991, slum-dwellers formed 45 per cent of the population in Mumbai, 44 per cent in Delhi and 42 per cent in Kolkata. The situation is no better in other metropolises like Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad etc. In reality, the problems of slums are multiplying in the wake of city’s incapacity to meet the rising demands of growing population. Pollution is another major problem of cities. There are several sources of rising pollution. Cities discharge 40 to 60 per cent of their entire sewage and industrial effluents into the adjoining rivers. The smaller towns ump garbage and excreta into the nearest waterways through their open drains. Likewise, urban industries pollute the atmosphere with smoke and gases from their old chimneys. Vehicular emission in Delhi accounts for 64 per cent of its air pollution. In fact, Delhi has the dubious distinction of being one of the most polluted cities in the world. The poison that we put in the environment comes back to us through air , water and food. It gradually causes diseases and disorders making life miserable and hazardous. The issue of environmental pollution in urban areas has been recognised and steps have been taken to ease the situation. Even the Supreme Court of India intervened and ordered closure of polluting industrial units in Delhi. Recently, the use of nonpolluting Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) has been made mandatory for buses and three-wheelers in Delhi as per the order of the Supreme Court. There are a number of other problems faced by urban centres which are not discussed here for the sake of brevity. Important among them are the problems of urban poverty, urban planning and urban governance. MODERNISATION Modernisation is both an idea and a process. As it is an idea, there is no agreement among social scientists on its meaning and interpretation. In the decades after the Second World War it was believed in industrial capitalist STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 9 countries such as Britain and the United States that the key to economic development in the Third World was modernisation. The concept of modernisation, thus, emerged as an explanation of how these societies developed through capitalism. By providing such an explanation Western scholars desired to convince the underdeveloped countries like India that economic development was possible under capitalism. According to this approach, modernisation depends primarily on introduction of technology and the knowledge required to make use of it. Besides, several social and political prerequisites have been identified to make modernisation possible. Some of these prerequisites are: 1. increased levels of education, 2. development of mass media, 3. accessible transport and communication, 4. democratic political institutions, 5. more urban and mobile population, 6. nuclear family in place of extended family, 7. complex division of labour, 8. declining public influence of religion, and; 9. eveloped markets for exchange of goods and services in place of traditional ways of meeting such needs. Modernisation is, thus, supposed to be the result of the presence of these prerequisites in the social system. It is clear that the term modernisation has been used here in a very broad sense. We, therefore, find different views about the scope and area to be covered by the concept of modernisation. Some soc iologists limit modernisation to its structural aspect, others emphasise its cultural dimension. A few studies highlight the issue of political modernisation and still others analyse its psychological meaning. Of course, the treatment of the concept in terms of it being a process of social change is found in Learner’s writing. Daniel Lerner in his essay on ‘Modernisation’, included in Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences, explains modernisation in these words: â€Å"Modernisation is the current term for an old process — the process of social change whereby less developed societies acquired characteristics common to more developed societies. † He further writes, â€Å"Modernisation, therefore, is the process of social change in which development is the economic component. Obviously this understanding of the term corresponds with the meaning which we have given to the term at the beginning of our discussion. Accordingly, modernisation is a process of change, which takes a country from underdevelopment to development. It produces social environment for economic development. The growth in industrialisation, urbanisation, national income and per capita income are taken as criteria of development. However, while accepting the economic criteria of development, some sociologists have added non-economic 10 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA riteria to judge development. They argue that rising output alone is not sufficient to assess the level of development. A society has to move from rising output to self-sustaining growth. Therefore, non-economic criteria such as the level of education, function of media, growth of communication and social norms conducive to change have to be taken into consideration. The meaning of modernisation given above incorporates primarily, structural aspects of change. In other words, with modernisation structural transformation takes place in economy, polity and social institutions. It is to be noted here that the concept of modernisation has also been explained in cultural terms. In this sense, modernisation implies change in values and attitudes. Modernity involves values and norms that are universal in nature. Explaining this aspect of moder nisation Yogendra Singh suggests that modernisation implies a rational attitude towards issues and their evaluation from a universal viewpoint. Thus, technological advancement and economic growth are not the sole criterion to judge the level of modernisation of a society. The commitment to scientific world-view and humanistic ideas are equally important. Moreover, the idea of modernisation has also been analysed in terms of the paired concepts of tradition and modernity. It has been argued that modernity stands as opposite of tradition. In this sense, all the underdeveloped societies are characterised as traditional and the developed societies as modern. Modernisation, thus, implies a change from tradition to modernity. Change occurs, according to this view, in predictable direction. In other words, in order to modernise, every society has to follow the same direction and adopt a similar path. All the existing values and structures have to be replaced by the new values and structures. Nonetheless, sociologists from the developing countries are critical of this understanding of modernisation. They maintain that modernisation does not stand as a polar opposite to tradition. Traditional values and institutions are not necessarily discarded while taking up new values in the process of change. Society adopts new values because they are considered more efficient and rewarding. In view of this, these sociologists hold that modernisation would develop typical forms in different societies. Patterns of modernisation, thus, may vary from society to society. The discussion shows that processes of modernisation involve both structural and cultural dimensions. However, given the present context, we shall deal with modernisation primarily as a structural process of change. Modernisation in India Some sociologists make a distinction between social change and modernisation in order to assess the nature of change in the traditional Indian society. Though, social change occurred in traditional India, it was essentially pre-modern in nature. One STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF CHANGE 11 raditional institution was just replaced by the other and no basic structural change took place in social system and culture. Historically, modernisation in India started from the establishment of the British rule and has continued even after independence. The nature and direction of modernisation during these two phases have been different. Therefore, it is appropriate to examine the processes of moderni sation under two distinct phases — the colonial phase and the post-colonial phase. As has been mentioned earlier, modernisation in India commenced after the arrival of the British rule. The contact with the West brought about far reaching changes in social structure and cultural institutions. Changes were witnessed in almost all important areas of life. The British administration introduced new arrangements in legal, agrarian, educational and administrative domains. Most of these led to structural modernisation. For instance, the bureaucratic system of administration and judiciary introduced by them were based on modern rational norms, which replaced the traditional Indian legal norms, based on the principle of hierarchy and ascription. A similar transformation took place in the system of education and agrarian structure. The Western system of education was introduced towards the middle of the nineteenth century and expanded significantly thereafter. New patter ns of land settlements such as Zamindari, Raiyatwari and Mahalwari covering the whole of British India resulted in systematisation of revenue administration. Some other areas experiencing modernising trends were industrialisation, urbanisation, transport and communication, army and the emergence of industrial working class and so forth. The emergence and growth of a nationalist political leadership was also the result of growing modernisation of Indian society. In fact, the nationalist leadership became so strong towards the early part of the twentieth century that freedom movement itself generated a new culture of modernisation. It is apparent from the above that the colonial phase of modernisation created a wide network of structure and culture which was modern and had an all-India appeal. However, it is important to point out here that during the colonial phase the local regional structures of family, caste and village community remained more or less unaffected by the forces of modernisation. At these levels, the British, by and large, followed a policy of least interference. Consequently, we do not find much change in the structures of family, caste and village. Let us, now, briefly examine the process of modernisation in the postcolonial India. Modernisation process has undergone some fundamental changes after the Independence. Every domain of social system is under the active influence of modernising process. Modernisation has, now, become an integral part of the developmental strategy. 12 SOCIAL CHANGE IN INDIA The political system has assumed a new shape after the adoption of a parliamentary form of government based on adult franchise. Political parties have emerged as powerful organs of the system. Thus, democratic political structure has effectively led to increasing political consciousness among people. The process of politicisation has, further, been accelerated through the Panchayati Raj institutions. The foundations of traditional family structure have come under the influence of legal reforms in marriage and inheritance. The family introduced egalitarian norms in family leading to raised status of women. Similarly, caste has assumed new functional roles. It has acquired an associational character. New consciousness has emerged among dalits. Increasing role of caste in politics is a pointer to this trend. Moreover, land reforms, too, have brought structural transformation in agrarian social structure. However, it is pertinent to call attention to the fact that modernisation in India has not been a uniformly progressive movement. Two crucial issues may be pointed out in this regard. First, in the process of modernisation several traditional institutions and activities have been reinforced. For example, religious pre

The Vietnam War Essays (426 words) - Vietnam War, Free Essays

The Vietnam War Essays (426 words) - Vietnam War, Free Essays The Vietnam War The Vietnam War was a brutal war that affected millions of people in many different countries. All wars start because their is a difference in people?s opinions, and the Vietnam War was no different. It started because France and a Vietnam leader, Ho Chi Minh, had a difference in opinion about the type of government Vietnam should have. To find out why the war broke out you will have to go back to the 1750?s. This is where the French started their so called protectorate state of Vietnam. For many years the people of Vietnam protested but could not organize into a force powerful enough to resist the French. Then in 1946 a communist educated individual called Ho Chi Minh organized the people of North Vietnam and drove out the French rulers in a war that took eight years. During peace settlements in Geneva they allowed North and South Vietnam to become separate nations, divided on the 17th parallel. This was only to last for two years. After two years the two countries would then vote on a common leader and reunite the two countries once more. This never happened. South Vietnam was afraid that a Communist leader would be chosen and the nation would be in ruins. Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam opposing the canceled election began attacks on Southern Vietnam and remaining French officials to gain co! ntrol of South Vietnam. If North Vietnam was to begin their invasion of South Vietnam the Communist ruler Ho Chi Minh was sure to have complete control over the nation and spread his ideas of communism to neighboring countries. The United States thought that this should not happen so in 1965 the president ordered the bombing of North Vietnam and the landing of US troops in South Vietnam. This then caused North Vietnam to send regular units to the South. That therefore, cause more US troops to become involved. All of this kept building and building until it was a full scale war. The main reason that the Vietnam War broke out was that the old imperial France thought they could keep a so called protectorate state without giving them any freedom. Then a communist leader came along that united the people and took over in the name of freedom. The U.S. thought that if Vietnam became communist then neighboring countries would soon follow. They did not want communism to spread so they tried to stop it. Stop it by war and it did not work out like they thought it would.

KFC In India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

KFC In India - Essay Example Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world. (Website: http://www.globalization101.org/What_is_Globalization.html Globalization makes use of modern technological advancements and also focuses on the quick transfer of technology, to keep with the changing world. Therefore, Globalization is a phenomenon that charges towards progress and engulfs the whole world, in this process. The development in technology has led to the process of Cloning and other artificial forms of life. Today, we have hybrid varieties of fruits and vegetables being imported from various parts of the world; which truly symbolises globalization. The widespread Globalization has led to the free movement and transfer of goods, capital, technology and people, from one hemisphere to the other. Therefore, there is an influx of numerous commodities across the globe. One of the entrants in the last decade, into the Indian market, is the KFC chain. The entry has been welcomed with both, expectations and controversy. Kentucky Fried Chicken, popularly known as KFC made its entry into India in 1995, by setting up an outlet in Bangalore. This was the time when the Indian market w as opening up to the international one, with MNCs and other international organizations coming into play. This was also the time when KFC was in the expansion mode and found the Indian market ideal to target. While the operations flagged off with success, KFC has come under the hammer for a few reasons. Firstly, it was the high level of monosodium glutamate content present in the food served. The high levels of the MSG content, in fact, were about three times higher than the prescribed limit. Next, the PETA or the People For Ethical Treatment of Animals organisation had problems with the manner in which the KFC processed its food and used animal livestock. In addition to this, farmers from the Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha (KRRS) landed at the doorstep of the first Bangalore outlet, to protest against the expansion of the fast-food joint into India. This paper attempts to analyse the entry of KFC into India, the problems that have been leveled against it and the various protests and the ethical implications associated. REASONS FOR PROTESTS The KFC chain has been subject to protests from a number of quarters. On the very first day, farmers marched onto the restaurant opening and protested